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	<title>The Postcolonialist &#187; Mexico | The Postcolonialist</title>
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		<title>Mexico’s Border (In)Security</title>
		<link>http://postcolonialist.com/academic-dispatches/mexicos-border-insecurity/</link>
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		<description><![CDATA[<p>Nearly every block of the former sleepy colonial town of Frontera Comalapa, Chiapas, Mexico now hosts a “Travel Agency”, which advertises trips to Tecate, Baja California, Altar, Sonora, and Tijuana,[...]</p><p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="http://postcolonialist.com/academic-dispatches/mexicos-border-insecurity/">Mexico’s Border (In)Security</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="http://postcolonialist.com">The Postcolonialist</a>.</p>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Nearly every block of the former sleepy colonial town of Frontera Comalapa, Chiapas, Mexico now hosts a “Travel Agency”, which advertises trips to Tecate, Baja California, Altar, Sonora, and Tijuana, Baja California. If you have ever been to any of these places, you know they are not generally considered to be vacation destinations. A few miles away in a dusty lot, buses line up Wednesday mornings to proceed to the northern border, a trip that takes three days and three nights.</p>
<div id="attachment_1509" style="width: 632px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IMAGE-1.jpg"><img class="size-large wp-image-1509" alt="Image 1: Bus stationed in Frontera Comalapa, Chiapas, Mexico in expectation of a journey to the U.S.-Mexico Border. - Photo Credit: Rebecca B. Galemba" src="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IMAGE-1-1024x768.jpg" width="622" height="466" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Image 1:</strong> Bus stationed in Frontera Comalapa, Chiapas, Mexico in expectation of a journey to the U.S.-Mexico Border. &#8211; <em>Photo Credit: Rebecca B. Galemba</em></p></div>
<p>Mexicans ride these buses, but Central Americans also seek to blend in. At the southern border, a history of cross-border marriage, social networks, and refugee flight and return during the height of Guatemalan counterinsurgency conflict (1980-1981) make distinguishing Mexicans from Guatemalans difficult. Mexican adults in the region told me that most could not trace their families any further back than their parents or grandparents to Mexico. They all had Guatemalan roots. Yet Mexico’s official attitude towards such fluid identities is anything but. In this region many poor residents lack documents and the border has been historically porous. Meanwhile, at the southern border, the municipality of Frontera Comalapa has developed into a hub to purchase any document you want. Official surveillance in this context often takes on ethnic and classist tones. I asked one immigration official how she could ascertain the difference between Mexicans and Guatemalans in this context. In addition to dress and dialect, she mentioned, “we can often detect by the smell.”</p>
<p>One February day in 2007, I purchased tickets for this trip at a “Travel Agency” in Frontera Comalapa. I was not planning to travel until the end of March; advance purchase did little to secure my reservation. When my husband and I attempted to travel north on one of these buses one March Wednesday morning, many buses refused to let us board. Operators claimed they were full. While some buses were hired directly by <i>maquilas</i>, or border assembly plants,<i> </i>at the northern border, it was also clear that many were neither full nor contracted. What I learned from the one company that allowed me to ride was that many were wary of human rights reporters. I had bought my tickets to Tijuana, where I intended to visit contacts from field research in 2004. While many people said they were going to Tijuana, in reality few buses had Tijuana as their destination. The drivers told immigration agents they were headed for Caborca, Sonora. Only as we approached the border did I learn that the bus was destined for the desert border town of Altar, Sonora. Why were these buses so openly advertised, yet also disguised? A Mexican bus operating in Mexican territory should be free to operate without fear. The tourism or travel label was partly designed to get around Mexican bus companies’ monopolies over particular routes. Yet this label also disguised the purpose of the journey since a deeper suspicion of illegality surrounded the buses due to their destinations and passengers. This bus ride from Mexico’s southern to northern border provides a window into how Mexico is implementing border security through interior checkpoints, as well as to how the U.S.’s security agenda casts a specter of illegality over these buses and their passengers even within Mexican territory.</p>
<p>&#8212;-</p>
<p>This piece focuses on the problems of trying to prevent undocumented migration to the U.S. by investing more resources and assistance into Mexican border policing in order to fulfill a U.S.-designed security agenda. Mexico has recently escalated border enforcement to stem what the U.S. termed a “border crisis” of undocumented Central American youth arriving at the U.S.-Mexico border in 2014. In July 2014, Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto implemented <i>Programa Frontera Sur</i> (Southern Border Program<a title="" href="#_ftn1">[1]</a>) to improve border security and to protect migrants entering Mexico. To solve this crisis, according to many politicians and dominant media renderings in the U.S., Mexico must enforce its own southern border. U.S. assistance is implicit and explicit in this solution as the U.S. embraces Mexico as a key partner for establishing hemispheric security (Benítez Manaut 2003). Alan Bersin, U.S. Assistant Secretary of Homeland Security recently stated, “The Guatemalan border with Chiapas is now our southern border” (Isacson et al 2014: 5). Recently, Mexico’s Secretary of the Interior Miguel Angel Osorio Chong similarly articulated Mexico’s “new” approach to the border, “Never before has Mexico announced a state policy on the border&#8230; now [it is] absolute control of the southern border” (Archibold 2014). Yet these statements are somewhat misleading while they also lack historical depth. The southern border has never been consistently well patrolled, but periodic crackdowns have been common throughout Mexico’s recent history.</p>
<p>This article reveals the historical continuity that the discursive construction of a “border crisis” has played in justifying increased, yet often ineffective, counterproductive, and perhaps even destructive, border enforcement. As recently argued by Gabriella Sanchez (2014), the construction of a “border crisis” is a powerful narrative to justify the escalation of criminalization, militarization, and violence.<a title="" href="#_ftn2">[2]</a> It entrenches the political status quo: fear of a “crisis” derails immigration reform and justifies more resources for controversial U.S.-backed Mexican and Central American security initiatives. In this narrative, enforcement, rather than human rights, the right to mobility, and the failures of broken immigration and labor systems, becomes the dominant policy and media focus.</p>
<p>The justification of heightened security to combat a purported border crisis has older roots. The suspicions and surveillance surrounding this bus’ journey, for example, highlight Mexico’s subservience to the U.S. border agenda seven years prior to the 2014 crisis. To claim that a crisis has simply emerged obscures the ability of historical analyses to temper current approaches and to offer alternative solutions. Specifically, the crisis discourse, and the enforcement policies it legitimizes, shares much in common with the U.S. approach to the U.S.-Mexico border, which became especially prominent during the 1980s War on Drugs and the 1990s border enforcement built up.<a title="" href="#_ftn3">[3]</a> Peter Andreas identifies the similar power of the narrative of “loss of [border] control” at the U.S. Mexico border. According to Andreas (2000: 7):</p>
<blockquote><p>The stress on loss of control understates the degree to which the state has actually structured, conditioned, and even enabled (often unintentionally) clandestine border crossings, and overstates the degree to which the state has been able to control its borders in the past&#8230;it obscures the ways in which the state itself as helped to create the very conditions that generate calls for more policing.</p></blockquote>
<p>In the historically porous Mexico-Guatemala borderlands, the rhetoric of border security has intermittently risen to the fore to justify increased surveillance; state officials have often used ethnicity and dialect to signal otherness and exclusion.<a title="" href="#_ftn4">[4]</a> Mexico first militarized its border with Guatemala to contain the refugee flow during the Guatemalan conflict in the early 1980s (Cruz Burguete 1998). More recently, Mexico intensified border enforcement and interior inspection points in line with a U.S. post-September 11, 2001 hemispheric security agenda. In July of 2001 under Plan Sur,<a title="" href="#_ftn5">[5]</a> Mexico signed onto a U.S.-backed plan to not only strengthen its southern border with Guatemala, but also to implement militarized internal checkpoints. According to Miguel Pickard (2005), “the measure had the effect of ‘displacing’ tasks of the U.S. southern border to southern Mexico.”<a title="" href="#_ftn6">[6]</a> Plan Sur increased migrant vulnerability as migrants sought out more dangerous routes and sophisticated smugglers to avoid the checkpoints (Birson 2010). Migrant desperation has become lucrative for cartels and criminal gangs who bribe their way through the bolstered security system (Birson 2010).</p>
<p>&#8212;&#8211;</p>
<p>On the bus, the mood was light as passengers joked with one another, music switched somewhat seamlessly between Mexican Norteña bands and Britney Spears, and passengers requested different DVDs. Some DVDs were bootleg copies of comedies; bus passengers laughed when the amateur bootlegger also captured audience members walking in and out of the theater when trying to film the actual movie. Most of the DVDs did not even have Spanish subtitles. However, most passengers seemed content to focus on something else besides the barren hillsides. The bus journey, however, was impeded by multiple checkpoints staffed by immigration, customs, the police, or the military. Checkpoints were more frequent at the southern border in Chiapas and again, as we neared the U.S.-Mexico border. At each checkpoint, the atmosphere shifted as passengers were instructed to get off the bus and to file into separate male (over 40 individuals) and female (4 individuals) lines as their papers, faces, and ways of talking were inspected.</p>
<p>Outside of Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, we came to a temporary inspection point in the form of a tent set up on the side of the road with a small plastic table for food and a television. An immigration agent boarded the bus yelling, “Gather of your belongings [when you get off]. Please gather all of your belongings.” She didn’t give anyone time to speak. We were never given a reason why three men were kicked off the bus after the agents inspected every passenger. The agents suspected that the men were Central Americans. One passenger, who others referred to as their “guide” or “boss”, urged people who knew the men to defend them, but many people were afraid that this would render them suspect as well. One passenger told me that he was traveling with five friends, but that two were from Guatemala. The men told officials at the Mexican checkpoints that they were traveling separately because, as the passenger explained, “I don’t want to be accused of being a <i>coyote</i> [human smuggler]<i> </i>if they [Guatemalan friends] are caught. We don’t want to be associated.” He continued, “Sometimes Mexicans are being taken [off the buses] at the checkpoints while some Guatemalans pass fine. They [officials] will confuse [Mexicans] as being Guatemalan. It is very strict now.” Sometimes people were unsure if others were Mexican or Central American. The above passenger was uncertain, “They are from Guatemala, but have lived in Mexico for a long time. They are more Mexican.”<a title="" href="#_ftn7">[7]</a> The “guide” believed that the men were Mexican and that the immigration officials “just want money. They often behave badly. If they have money, the [officials] will let them pass. They [officials] don’t have the education to know who is Mexican and who is not. They also don’t seem to care.” He continued to explain that people “often do not know how to defend themselves&#8230;Even when they are Mexican, the <i>migra </i>[immigration agents] will remove them [from the bus].” The three men had been taken off of the bus, but at later checkpoints, officials instead collected money from individuals or from the bus drivers who then collected from the corresponding passengers. Some men told me they believed that people who anticipated a problem could sometimes pay an advance fee to the bus drivers to help them through checkpoints. One man told me that he refused to succumb to this practice; “If you don’t pay, they take you off the bus&#8230;[But] I am Mexican and I would rather get off the bus than pay.” When this man was stopped for further questioning at one checkpoint, he related, “They asked for everything, all my documents&#8230;” He laughed&#8230;“And then, what are my parents’ names, how old are my parents, where was I born, how old am I, what day was I born, why did I leave? &#8230;If you answer just one question not to their liking, they take you off the bus.”</p>
<p>Ironically, Grupo Beta,<a title="" href="#_ftn8">[8]</a> a Mexican unit dedicated to protecting migrant rights in Mexico, stopped the bus a few miles after the men had been removed from the bus by immigration. As they delivered pamphlets addressing the right of Mexicans to travel freely within Mexico, we recognized the terrible irony that the men had just been kicked off the bus. A Grupo Beta representative inquired if any immigration agents had asked for money from anyone or if anyone had been kicked off of the bus. They told the passengers that no one should be able to infringe on their rights to travel as Mexicans or to take money from them; if this occurs, then they should report it. Yet, the passenger who identified as a “guide” explained, “If you are Mexican you can go to human rights, but it’s often too late. They [human rights] should be watching the <i>migra </i>since it is complicated to denounce them. But they [human rights] are often located where they cannot do anything to resolve anything. Then you lose time and money.” When passengers mentioned that three men had just been kicked off of the bus, the Grupo Beta representative responded, “If you know they are Mexican&#8230; from your communities, defend them.” Yet the representatives also admitted that this could lead to problems since they knew that many people carried false documents and “if you do not know, you can be accused of being a <i>coyote.</i>” The potential for illegality rendered all passengers vulnerable to the whims of authorities operating under a U.S. security lens that is suspicious of all travelers heading north. Surveillance in northern Mexico is often racially marked against not only Central Americans, but also against southern Mexicans and the indigenous, who northern Mexicans have historically stigmatized as backwards and as posing a potential threat to the socioeconomic order (Vila 1999: 80).</p>
<p>As we approached the U.S.-Mexico border, the bus drivers gave gifts of DVDs and cigarettes to immigration inspectors to ensure a smooth passage through various checkpoints. The drivers knew the agents well; then the agents would wave, “see you next week.” As we neared the border, the bus drivers also urged passengers to hide their cell phones in overhead compartments. They knew officers might confiscate phones since they suspected they would be used to call <i>coyotes</i> waiting at the border. Some passengers had made the journey to the U.S.-Mexico border in groups and planned to call <i>coyotes </i>to help them with the long trek through the desert into the United States. Less experienced passengers were accompanied by the Mexican “guide”<i> </i>on the bus, whose task was to deliver them at the U.S.-Mexico border to a partner more familiar with the next leg of the journey. When we arrived in Altar, Sonora, everyone got off the bus and seemed to disappear into the desert dusk. My husband and I entered one of the few <i>taquerias </i>in an otherwise desolate town<i> </i>to wait almost two hours for a bus to Tijuana.</p>
<p>The bus journey illustrated the unpredictability of surveillance and the anxieties, as well as opportunities, this generated for passengers. Immigration agents might detain and deport someone, collect a bribe, or choose to ignore or fail to recognize false documents. While many bus passengers were apprehensive about the journey, more experienced migrants knew that they would eventually succeed. One passenger who was friends with the men who had been kicked off the bus received a phone call from them as we approached the U.S.-Mexico border. His friends would be joining him at a hotel in Altar, Sonora to wait for their <i>coyote</i>.</p>
<p>The Mexico-Guatemala border has long been selectively and unpredictably enforced. The actual official border is often easy to cross. At an official inspections post at Ciudad Cuauhtémoc, Mexico and La Mesilla, Guatemala, I often found confused tourists wondering where to get their passports stamped when they crossed the border. Border officials generally remain in their offices as people easily walk across the border and board vans to their destinations. However, semi-permanent, as well as unpredictable, checkpoints increasingly break up interior highways. Makeshift checkpoints may emerge overnight and vanish the following day. However, at the same time, a lack of sufficient and trained personnel, historically porous flows, the necessities of trade, and the fact that border security is costly and often counterproductive, lead the government to promote one image—of total control—while the reality is otherwise. As one customs official explained, “There are only 30 fiscal inspectors in all of Chiapas. Look&#8230;[he beckoned out of his office window to the expanse of mountains that constituted the international border]. This is a big state. With only 30 [inspectors] what are we supposed to do?” Unpredictability at once engenders fear and hope, which fuels the ability of corrupt state officials and smugglers to take advantage of migrants. Meanwhile, an <i>image</i> of control, rather than its actual implementation, enhances state legitimacy by demonstrating the state’s commitment to border management (Andreas 2000: 11; Nevins 2002). Similarly, at the U.S.-Mexico border, Peter Andreas (2000: 9) argues, “successful border management depends on successful image management, and that does not necessarily correspond with levels of actual deterrence.”</p>
<p>One customs official in Chiapas explicated the function of the image of control:</p>
<blockquote><p>What the government wants to do most is show an image of control&#8230;but of course&#8230;if you actually see, you know that isn’t true&#8230;To actually exert control costs&#8230;the government is often not willing to spend the money&#8230;The government has sent more forces, but they are the same&#8230;.They could send ten more units and it would be the same.</p></blockquote>
<p>This disjuncture between image and reality has proven true in the past; when Mexico created a new border police force (<i>Policía Estatal Fronteriza-</i>State Border Police) in 2007, border residents I knew soon realized that many of the officers were the same men they knew from the state police force. The officers had received new uniforms, but otherwise nothing had changed. This buildup of the border security apparatus is a product of the state’s desire to show a public presence of force, while simultaneously realizing the inability, and impracticality of, fully controlling the border (Andreas 2000).</p>
<p>Recently numbers of undocumented migrants at the U.S. border have declined and the rhetoric of crisis in the U.S. media has subsided. However, Mexico continues to confront much of this flow. A priest who works with the Casa del Migrante in Tecún Umán, Guatemala told me in 2007, “To work for immigration is dirty work&#8230;Bush asked Mexico to help detain migrants going north and Mexico is doing its dirty work.” According to Migration Information Source, Mexico has deported over 30,000 Central Americans in 2014 (Archibold 2014).  Can this really be termed a successful solution to a crisis? When migrants are caught within Mexico’s web of enforcement, they’re more likely to be preyed upon by gangs, officials, and cartels, especially in border cities where migrants may desperately wait, become stranded, or try to gather funds to try again or return home. The hostel worker related, “And from these same migrants the officials feed themselves, taking their money and then they are allowed to proceed.” One migrant described the symbiosis between migrants and officials, “If there weren’t migrants, the <i>migra </i>[immigrant agents] would not have jobs. The <i>migra </i>are corrupt, they take your money and beat you.” To him, officials and bandits belong on the same continuum. He was deported because he had no more money to pay officials-the <i>maras</i> gangs had already taken everything.<a title="" href="#_ftn9">[9]</a></p>
<p>Mexico recently committed to patrolling the freight train called “La Bestia”/ “the Beast”, which migrants jump on and cling to as they attempt to make the journey north.</p>
<div id="attachment_1510" style="width: 346px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IMAGE-2.jpg"><img class=" wp-image-1510  " alt="Image 2: Flyer warning migrants of the dangers of “The Beast” if they decided to travel north. Translation: “If you go... ‘the dignity and human rights of migrants do not have borders.” - Photo Credit: Photo taken by Rebecca B. Galemba at the Casa del Migrante in Tecún Umán, Guatemala. " src="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IMAGE-2-768x1024.jpg" width="336" height="447" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Image 2:</strong> Flyer warning migrants of the dangers of “The Beast” if they decided to travel north. Translation: “If you go&#8230; ‘the dignity and human rights of migrants do not have borders.” &#8211; <em>Photo Credit: Photo taken by Rebecca B. Galemba at the Casa del Migrante in Tecún Umán, Guatemala.</em></p></div>
<p>In Tapachula, Chiapas, I met double amputees whose limbs were crushed by “the Beast” when they fell from the train. Yet for many the risks of “the Beast” were preferable to alternative routes, where they believed they would encounter more official corruption and criminal groups.<a title="" href="#_ftn10">[10]</a>Amputees at the Albergue Jesus El Buen Pastor in Tapachula, Chiapas, a shelter for injured migrants, have fashioned wheelchairs out of plastic chairs.<a title="" href="#_ftn11">[11]</a> One man, a double amputee, realized the irony behind his higher quality wheelchair. He told me that in 2006, Maria Shriver, who was married to Arnold Schwarzenegger, the governor of California at the time, came briefly to the shelter to donate fifteen wheelchairs. He told me “It was nice of her to donate the chairs,” but he disliked Schwarzenegger’s politics, especially concerning immigration.<a title="" href="#_ftn12">[12]</a> “No he didn’t come,” he said. “We wouldn’t accept him if he did.”</p>
<div id="attachment_1511" style="width: 632px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IMAGE-3.jpg"><img class="size-large wp-image-1511" alt="Image 3: Photo of a make-shift wheelchair at Albergue Jesus El Buen Pastor in Tapachula, Chiapas - Photo Credit: Rebecca B. Galemba" src="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IMAGE-3-1024x768.jpg" width="622" height="466" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Image 3:</strong> Photo of a make-shift wheelchair at Albergue Jesus El Buen Pastor in Tapachula, Chiapas &#8211; <em>Photo Credit: Rebecca B. Galemba</em></p></div>
<p>The lesson from the U.S.-Mexico border is that the militarization of enforcement does not stop unauthorized border flows (Andreas 2000). When security escalates, smugglers become more sophisticated, violent, and demand higher fees, migrants pursue more dangerous routes, and officials increase bribes (ibid.). In turn, the border policing apparatus expands to combat it in a spiral of mutual escalation (ibid.). In 2012, the U.S. budget for immigration enforcement was $18 billion, larger than all other federal law enforcement agencies combined, despite evidence that such escalation may be counterproductive (Preston 2013). A similar border security approach is exported to Mexico, without enough consideration of judicial and policing reform, corruption, causes of migration, and a lack of transparency and accountability in policing institutions (Isacson et al. 2014). In this context, further feeding the current security and migration infrastructure has led to an escalation in human rights abuses. For example, human rights activists point to concerning implications for migrant rights as Grupo Beta, whose purpose is to aid migrants, has now been enlisted to help Mexican authorities conduct migrant raids (Stanton 2014).</p>
<p>In 2014, The Merida Initiative,<a title="" href="#_ftn13">[13]</a>a security agreement established between the U.S. and Mexico in 2008 to combat drug trafficking and transnational crime, directed increased funds and attention to  “creating a 21st century border” and securing Mexico’s borders (Isacson et al.: 24). As of February 2014, The Mérida Initiative allocated $112 million in technology for border security including training, inspection equipment, and infrastructure, including additional small amounts for Navy/Marine training and facilities from the Defense Department’s counter-narcotics budget (ibid.). Most of this funding has gone to the northern border, but the southern border is now also becoming a priority (ibid.). Yet militarizing security forces in Mexico and Guatemala through U.S.-backed initiatives like Merida and Central American Regional Security Initiative (CARSI<a title="" href="#_ftn14">[14]</a>) has not only failed to stem the drug war, but Mexico’s war on the cartels has also left 80,000 dead, 27,000 disappeared, and thousands displaced and since 2006 (MAWG 2013: 3; Abrego 2014). Such approaches are worrisome in regions where the military continues to be associated with human rights abuses and impunity. The United States cut off funding to Guatemala’s military in 1990 due to human rights abuses. Despite this, conditions have loosened and these restrictions do not apply to Defense Department funds, from which $27.5 million was given to Guatemalan security forces for counter-narcotics control form 2008-2012 (Isacson et al. 2014: 29; MAWG 2013). As David Bacon (2014) warns, “giving millions of dollars to some of the most violent and rightwing militaries in the Western hemisphere&#8230;is a step back towards the military intervention policy that set the wave of migration into motion to begin with.”</p>
<p>Mexico’s current approaches to tackling border issues, such as the Southern Border Program, do not contain sufficient measures to protect migrants or prosecute corrupt officials. While the program stresses migrant protection as a key component, Jorge Urbano, Director of the Program on Migration at the Iberoamerica University, expressed doubts that “if there is no qualified human capital&#8230;professionally trained to do a job that requires expertise in the subject of human rights, the measure&#8230;will result in little more than merely good intentions” (Langner 2014, translation mine). The program also does not address the concerns of migrants in transit (Langner 2014).<a title="" href="#_ftn15">[15]</a> Rubén Figueroa, Coordinator of the Mesoamerican Migrant Movement in the Southern Region, asserts that:</p>
<blockquote><p>the federal government has applied the Southern Border Plan as a police action to detain and deport the largest number of migrants&#8230;within this plan there are no provisions to prevent crimes&#8230;In the last decade more than 70,000 migrants have disappeared in Mexico and there are no mechanisms to denounce these disappearances when family members are in Central America<a title="" href="#_ftn16">[16]</a> (Blanco 2014, translation mine).</p></blockquote>
<p>Tasking Mexico’s migration institutions and enforcement agents with bolstering border security, regularizing migration, and protecting migrant rights raises additional concerns as critics doubt the ability of Mexico’s National Institute of Migration (INM) to implement immigration laws and respect human rights. In 2013, the INM ranked 8<sup>th</sup> in the number of human rights abuses reported to Mexico’s National Human Rights Ombudsman (Isacson et al.: 32). The federal police and military ranked even higher in terms of abuses. According to Casa del Migrante in Saltillo in 2013, the federal police received the most denunciations for migrant abuses, even ahead of the Zetas cartel and <i>maras</i> gangs (Ureste 2014a). It is evident that strengthening security does little to make people feel secure. One merchant complained to Mexican journalist Manu Ureste, “as there are more checkpoints, there is more corruption” (Ureste 2014b, translation mine). As soldier demanded money to look through her bags, the merchant laughed when asked if the additional checkpoints made people feel more secure (ibid.). Instead, she saw the checkpoints as an opportunity for officials to distribute money amongst themselves (ibid).</p>
<p>To further understand Mexico’s approach to Central American migrants, it is important to note that Mexico accepts very few refugees&#8211;last year only 208 Central Americans (Kahn 2014). Many migrants are deported before they can pursue claims or they are detained indefinitely in INM’s poor facilities while filing (Isacson et al. 2014: 33). Once detained, migrants have a miniscule chance of advocating for an asylum case (IAHCR 2013). At one Mexican detention facility I visited in 2007, the women told me the men were denied water. Visits with their husbands in a different cell depended on the discretion of individual agents. One woman said the only reason the immigration delegate in charge came to check on them that day was because I was present. “Normally,” she said, “they yell at us and insult us.” Most detainees did not know how long they would remain in INM facilities or when they would be sent home. Mexico has recently made some efforts to decriminalize migration in 2008, as well as to enable migrants to seek justice for abuses regardless of status under the General Population Act in 2010 (IAHCR 2013). Nonetheless, detention remains the norm and protections have been insufficient to stem abuses. A recent Washington Office on Latin America report cautions:</p>
<blockquote><p>Given the widespread and well-documented involvement of Mexican authorities with human smugglers and organized crime, increased immigration enforcement in Mexico is likely to accomplish little, and will only contribute to the further enrichment of corrupt officials and criminals, and to the victimization of innocent migrants (Meyer and Boggs 2014).</p></blockquote>
<p>We need to become attuned to the reasons why people migrate and why they go where they do; this forces us to look in the mirror at foreign intervention, devastating trade policies, and inconsistent and insufficient immigration and refugee policies.<a title="" href="#_ftn17">[17]</a> Pushing the crisis elsewhere through increasingly militarized means not only does not work, but it also leaves death and violence in its wake. Moreover, just as the crisis imagery obscures the fact that such problems have long been in the making, it also makes the issues seem to disappear once media and policy attention dissipate. Instead, Joseph Nevins (2002: 171) points to how the political-economic context and political elites shape our perceptions of crisis even when actual conditions may remain similar.</p>
<p>The power of the U.S. to control the border has become a normalized response to larger economic, political, and global anxieties (Nevins (2002: 37). Laying bare the social, historical, and political processes by which border policing has become a normalized mode of nation-building can help us question the implications of extending such exercises of power beyond and within national borders (Nevins 2002; Nevins 2014). As witnessed by the suspicions of illegality surrounding the Mexican bus’ journey, the U.S. has extended its border surveillance practices to Mexico, effectively undermining its sovereignty. Mexico and the U.S. have also instituted internal borders like the checkpoints depicted along the bus trip while the U.S. has implemented various practices of governance (e.g. E-Verify, Secure Communities, workplace policing, and the denial of driver’s licenses in various states) that increasingly delimit and criminalize the movement and existence of immigrants, creating what Nuñez and Heyman (2007) term, “entrapment processes” (also see Nevins 2014).</p>
<p>The restriction of rights based on national borders, coupled with the presumption that border policing can effectively guarantee these rights, relies on an assumption that threats to a nation come from outside of its borders and that such threats should therefore be combatted at the border. The normalization of this logic has made the granting and withholding of basic rights conditioned on national borders appear beyond reproach.<a title="" href="#_ftn18">[18]</a> Such national frames of concern further contribute to the exploitation and abuse of migrants in transit as well as in the U.S., as their rights are either outright devalued or all too easily suspended in the name of security.<b><br />
</b></p>
<div id="attachment_1512" style="width: 632px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><a href="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IMAGE-4.jpg"><img class="size-large wp-image-1512" alt="Image 4: Mural of the difficult northward journey, which depicts an imposing border with a narrow entryway between the United States and Mexico at the Casa del Migrante in Tecún Umán, Guatemala. - Photo Credit: Rebecca B. Galemba" src="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/IMAGE-4-1024x768.jpg" width="622" height="466" /></a><p class="wp-caption-text"><strong>Image 4:</strong> Mural of the difficult northward journey, which depicts an imposing border with a narrow entryway between the United States and Mexico at the Casa del Migrante in Tecún Umán, Guatemala. -<em> Photo Credit: Rebecca B. Galemba</em></p></div>
<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="http://postcolonialist.com/academic-dispatches/mexicos-border-insecurity/">Mexico’s Border (In)Security</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="http://postcolonialist.com">The Postcolonialist</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Poética de un yo mutilado: Identidad y cuerpo en la serie “Ofrendas” de Andrés González.</title>
		<link>http://postcolonialist.com/arts/poetica-de-un-yo-mutiladoidentidad-y-cuerpo-en-la-serie-ofrendas-de-andres-gonzalez/</link>
		<comments>http://postcolonialist.com/arts/poetica-de-un-yo-mutiladoidentidad-y-cuerpo-en-la-serie-ofrendas-de-andres-gonzalez/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 18 Nov 2013 08:44:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[postcolonialist]]></dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Academic Journal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Academic Journal: November 2013 (Issue: Vol. 1, Number 1)]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Arts]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[All Articles]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Andrés González]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Art]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Mexico]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[<p>¡Oh innoble servidumbre de amar seres humanos, y la más innoble que es amarse a sí mismo! “Contra Jaime Gil de Biedma” Jaime Gil de Biedma El mito de Narciso[...]</p><p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="http://postcolonialist.com/arts/poetica-de-un-yo-mutiladoidentidad-y-cuerpo-en-la-serie-ofrendas-de-andres-gonzalez/">Poética de un yo mutilado: Identidad y cuerpo en la serie “Ofrendas” de Andrés González.</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="http://postcolonialist.com">The Postcolonialist</a>.</p>]]></description>
				<content:encoded><![CDATA[<ul class="poetry">
<li><em>¡Oh innoble servidumbre de amar seres humanos,</em></li>
<li><em>y la más innoble</em></li>
<li><em>que es amarse a sí mismo!</em></li>
<li><em>“Contra Jaime Gil de Biedma”</em></li>
<li><em><strong>Jaime Gil de Biedma</strong></em></li>
</ul>
<p>El mito de Narciso que Ovidio retrató en sus <i>Metamorfosis</i> podría comprenderse como una primera exploración del ser humano frente a su propia imagen. El rostro que encantó a Narciso era una sombra de sí mismo, un eco, una forma sin contenido. No era él, sino una apariencia de aquello que amaba. La autorrepresentación ha ido encontrando diferentes lenguajes en la literatura, en el cine, en las artes visuales en general y ha llevado a cabo además un recorrido que se condice con determinados contextos sociopolíticos y estéticos. Ya sea viendo al mismo Velázquez en su cuadro “Las meninas”, o algún autorretrato de Van Gogh, o algunas obras de Andy Warhol o de Cindy Sherman es posible constatar las formas variadas  de la auto-representación como producto cultural<a title="" href="#_ftn1">[1]</a>.</p>
<p>Andrés González presentó en 2009 en la ciudad de Mendoza (Argentina) una serie de obras llamada “Ofrendas” <a title="" href="#_ftn2">[2]</a>, que consistía en imágenes de martirio y descuartización de su propio cuerpo. La serie cuenta con cuatro cuadros: tres que se enfocan en determinadas partes de su cuerpo (las manos, los pies, la cabeza) y uno de cuerpo entero que establece una referencia clara a la figura de San Sebastián: el artista aparece asaeteado y abriéndose la camisa para descubrir un corazón rojo y brillante<a title="" href="#_ftn3">[3]</a>. La técnica, las imágenes, la provocación, despiertan una inquietud que refiere a una reinvención de la propia imagen, del propio cuerpo, identidad y a la de un ícono asumido por la comunidad gay.</p>
<p>Algunas preguntas que las imágenes despiertan serían: ¿qué uso le da el artista a su propio cuerpo? ¿De qué modo la re-presentación del yo invita al espectador a re-inventar su propia identidad, su propia concepción del cuerpo? ¿Cuáles son las conexiones que se establecen entre estas obras y un discurso religioso? Podría decirse que el acto de ofrendar(se) es un acto subversivo tanto política como estéticamente. Ahora bien, ¿el yo que se ofrenda es un yo que no resiste la invención de una identidad gay en el contexto social en el que las obras nacen? ¿Es acaso lo funerario un código visual que insiste en lo doloroso que es “revelarse” y “ofrecerse” a los demás, al que ve las imágenes, al que nos ve todos los días? El presente artículo pretende explorar posibles lecturas de esta serie de obras de Andrés González, delineando una poética en donde la imagen del yo y del propio cuerpo son reinventadas junto con la de San Sebastián con un propósito estético y político: el proceso de verse a uno mismo, de a(r)marse y desarmarse, de construir una identidad resulta doloroso, confuso, triste y al mismo tiempo, placentero.</p>
<p>Este conjunto de obras, atravesadas por técnicas diversas (fotografía digital, fotomontaje, collage, plotter de corte de vinilo) plantea una forma de entender el arte utilizando el cuerpo como material de trabajo<a title="" href="#_ftn4">[4]</a>. La auto-referencia se combina con una estética violenta que es, al mismo tiempo, histórica, intertextual, al referirse directamente al ícono homosexual cristiano San Sebastián, a quien reinventa y apropia, a quien viste de luto y actualiza. El cuerpo funciona como otro lienzo más en donde todo parece colapsar, en donde se entrecruzan y chocan diferentes técnicas,  se superponen las imágenes y se remite al pasado histórico desde un presente muy vivo. Un lienzo que es al mismo tiempo una fuente poderosa de refracción: lo que le pasa a este cuerpo, el del artista (mi cuerpo), es lo que puede pasarle también al que observa.</p>
<p>González  escribió a finales de 2010 su tesis de licenciatura dedicada a la obra de la norteamericana Cindy Sherman. En ella, el artista plantea un análisis de la poética de Sherman, la auto-representación y el cuerpo propio como armas políticas y como formas de “minar” concepciones identitarias de una sociedad opresora. Pero al mismo tiempo, González refiere a su propia producción artística, en consonancia a la obra de Sherman:</p>
<blockquote><p>En las imágenes presentes en la red que describe mi propio proceso creativo, podremos observar que la utilización del cuerpo, en mi caso, se da mayormente de una manera fragmentaria; a diferencia del caso de Sherman que utiliza su cuerpo completo. Esto es potenciado, por un lado, por el tipo de trabajo de fotomontaje, y por otro, por el carácter dramático buscado. El cuerpo es descuartizado: Cabeza, manos, torso, pies. Partes que se fotografían por separado y son luego ubicadas junto a elementos gráficos en composiciones que estructuran las imágenes (González 101).</p></blockquote>
<p>Como afirma González, el cuerpo “descuartizado” de su obra incita un cambio, una subversión de cánones establecidos. Como explica Marta López Gil en su libro <i>El cuerpo, el sujeto, la condición de mujer</i>, la experiencia corporal se constituye en el arte como un elemento de batalla, un campo de lucha, un arma con que defender la propia libertad identitaria (156). De acuerdo con López Gil, el cuerpo como “elemento político, como móvil y mensaje” de un determinado discurso social adquiere en la expresión artística un espacio muy importante: “En el arte es donde puede verse claramente el impacto de este sentir social, de esta necesidad de entender quiénes somos. No es casual que el cuerpo sirva como elemento político, como móvil y mensaje. […] el cuerpo es todavía un campo de batalla en el cual su autodeterminacón es una lucha por venir” (157).</p>
<p>En las obras de González observamos el desmembramiento de su propio cuerpo. Es su “yo” lo que despedaza y nos entrega. Asaetear un yo, descuartizarlo, postula a través de la provocación que esta identidad no está aún formada, que ha sido segmentada, torturada<a title="" href="#_ftn5">[5]</a>. El artista se mira a sí mismo y se nos representa a través de este espejo íntimo, fiel a la confesión de que martirizarse, entregarse como ofrenda y santificarse a través del dolor debe decirnos que hay algo incompleto: así como él se mira a sí mismo (fraccionado, separado, herido) nos genera la duda de cómo es acaso nuestro propio yo. Y más que duda, nos genera la necesidad de preguntarnos cuál o qué es ese yo, cómo es, de investigarlo, y quizás, de encontrar alguna respuesta. Aquí el arte se presenta como elemento permeable de esta falta y nos la muestra a través de la violencia en el cuerpo, en el propio cuerpo<a title="" href="#_ftn6">[6]</a>.</p>
<div style="float: right;"><img style="margin-right: 20px; margin-left: 20px;" alt="" src="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Gonzales-1.jpg" width="300" height="341" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><i>De la serie “Ofrendas”. 2009.</i></p>
</div>
<p>La progresiva transformación de las relaciones y costumbres sexuales de las últimas décadas<a title="" href="#_ftn7">[7]</a>, logros en cuanto a políticas e igualdad de derechos<a title="" href="#_ftn8">[8]</a> y el estallido del cuerpo mediatizado han dado como consecuencia una paulatina “sacralización” del cuerpo. El (la) más fuerte, saludable, con los mejores abdominales y la piel bronceada es adorado(a), temido(a), deseado(a). Según J. Baudrillard, el cuerpo ha ido perdiendo su valor subversivo para ser moldeado por la sociedad y la cultura:</p>
<blockquote>[el descubrimiento del cuerpo], que durante mucho tiempo fue una crítica contra lo sagrado a favor de una mayor libertad, sinceridad y emancipación, en definitiva, una lucha contra Dios, se desarrolla actualmente bajo el signo de una nueva sacralización. El culto del cuerpo ya no está en contradicción con el del alma; simplemente le sucede, heredando de esta forma su función ideológica […] la seducción y el narcisismo se convierten en comportamientos promovidos por los modelos mediáticos (183).</p></blockquote>
<p>Cabe preguntarse, entonces, hasta qué punto González subvierte las concepciones que construimos acerca de nuestros propios cuerpos. Es verdad que existe una “sacralización” del cuerpo propio, un narcisismo que flota y se asienta como marca personal en sus obras. Pero su cuerpo está herido, ha sido maltratado y aun así, se exhibe. Si existe una sacralización se corresponde con la de un cuerpo roto, y eso sí es, justamente, subversivo. Y más aún, si lo hace a través de la imagen de un santo cristiano devenido en ícono gay. El culto al cuerpo, producto de la sociedad capitalista, es aquí utilizado como forma de resistencia a una cultura que delimita incluso la configuración personal del propio cuerpo. Las referencias a la religión cristiana se mezclan aquí con la práctica de la ofrenda. Lo religioso se utiliza con ánimos de “sacralizar” el cuerpo, la propia imagen, para elevarla o para equipararla a la “sacralidad” que uno encuentra en una iglesia o en cualquier ritual. El cuerpo tiene ese valor, ese poder de convertirse aquí en algo “adorable”. José Quiroga, en su libro <i>Tropics of Desire</i>, afirma al respecto:</p>
<blockquote><p>Gays y lesbianas no son simplemente seres que se comprometen con una serie de prácticas sexuales. Son en este punto, construcciones culturales del capitalismo y al mismo tiempo, pueden representar modos de resistencia que use las mismas armas del capitalismo para debilitar sus paradigmas represivos (mi traducción).</p>
[Gays and lesbians are not simply beings who engage in a series of sexual practices. They are at this point cultural constructions of capitalism and at the same time, they may represent modes of defiance that use the tools of capitalism in order to undermine its repressive paradigms (12)].</p></blockquote>
<p>Siguiendo las propuestas de Quiroga, González usa las mismas “herramientas” provistas por la sociedad capitalista: el culto al cuerpo se vuelve un culto al cuerpo herido. Y ese misterio engendrado por la imagen es lo que los espectadores / lectores, decodifican / aprehenden. Entonces, la sacralización del cuerpo se vuelve aquí en contra de los propios estándares instaurados en la sociedad capitalista. Los réditos que produce son, en este caso, la inquietud de que algo extraño sucede con el cuerpo del artista, algo oscuro y violento, y por ende, quizás también con el cuerpo del espectador.</p>
<div style="float: left;"><img style="margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px;" alt="" src="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Gonzales-2.jpg" width="300" height="314" /></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><i>De la serie “Ofrendas”. 2009.</i></p>
</div>
<p>Si en la primera obra González atraviesa su cabeza con una flecha, en la segunda corta sus pies y los sirve con flores y otros órganos. Cada parte de su anatomía se encuentra representado. Su identidad se corporiza en esta serie de obras, y al hacerse cuerpo, éste mismo se presenta como un móvil de una inquietud, de una necesidad de re-presentar la propia corporalidad y cuestionarla. A través del cuerpo del artista es que entenderemos que no refiere a otro más que a sí mismo, a su yo, a su reflejo que nos invita a mirar el nuestro.</p>
<p>La provocación en las obras de González se vuelve su arma más eficaz en el contexto de producción y su propia experiencia se lo ha hecho saber: en julio de 2008, una obra suya (anterior a las presentadas en este artículo) junto con obras de otros autores fueron expuestas en el Centro de Congresos y Exposiciones de San Rafael (sur de Mendoza). Días después de la inauguración, una docente se encontró con que dos obras faltaban. Los medios de comunicación registraron el incidente en donde por un lado se acusaba de “censura” a los artistas y por el otro se decía que se necesitaba limpiar unos vidrios y que por eso se habían quitado las pinturas:</p>
<blockquote>[…] la denuncia de una docente y artista plástica, Noemí Sparacino, fue la que motivó que periodistas de Los Andes concurrieran al lugar donde confirmaron que efectivamente los trabajos de los artistas Federico Calandria y Andrés González habían sido retirados el lunes del salón y durante dos días no estuvieron en la galería. El primero contiene palabras agresivas de uso cotidiano y el otro representa una imagen de los genitales masculinos (Simon 2008).</p></blockquote>
<p>Más allá de que haya sido o no un malentendido, la obra de González fue una de estas piezas censuradas, a la que nadie negaba su carácter provocativo.</p>
<p>En “Ofrendas” dicha provocación se encuentra estilizada, rimbombante, en donde la sangre son trazos coloridos. La violencia de las obras se nos presenta estilizada, decorada, como si todo ese sufrimiento fuera parte de un show, de una “performance”. Tómese como ejemplo la flecha que atraviesa la cabeza y que dibuja con la sangre líneas ondulantes, vibrantes; unas lágrimas de sangre que acentúan el drama y lo estilizan: lo espectacularizan. En el tercer cuadro de la serie, las manos de González se reúnen en el centro superior, remiten al dolor de un Jesucristo o de un suicida (o a ambos) y dejan caer un chorro de sangre que va modelando curvas, círculos. Es una sangre que cae con gracia, brillante, de un rojo más parecido al carmesí de un lápiz labial que a la sangre misma. La provocación pasa también por ver el glamour en la violencia y en el suicidio: hacer un show de su propio cuerpo mutilado. El modo en que el arte ve y explora la corporalidad es a través de una estilización de un cuerpo violentado. “Seguramente, hoy, el tratamiento artístico del cuerpo nos enfrenta con el cuerpo agredido, herido, sufriente, doliente y con su sexualidad perturbada o negada por la ‘normativa civilizatoria’” (López Gil 196).</p>
<div style="float: left;"><i><i><img style="margin: 20px;" alt="" src="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Gonzales-3.jpg" width="200" height="407" /></i></i></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><em>De la serie “Ofrendas”. 2009.</em></p>
</div>
<p>Como explica López Gil, estos modos de analizar la corporalidad nos remiten directamente a la idea de una cultura opresora. El cuerpo es “es el objeto de opresión más a mano […], ese objeto de deseo, las más de las veces vergonzante” (197). Ha sido tomado por el Estado, estudiado por las ciencias, sujeto a directivas que controlan su naturaleza. Como bien explica Foucault en su <i>Historia de la sexualidad</i>, uno tuvo que hablar del sexo como una cosa que no era simplemente condenada o tolerada, sino “manejada”, “controlada”, inserta en sistemas de utilidad, regulada por un bienestar mucho mayor, en función de una optimización de la vida en general. Es decir, que uno debía “administrar” el sexo. Este discurso sobre el sexo a principios del siglo XVIII, de carácter político, técnico y económico, tiene su basamento en una administración de orden estatal. Fue necesario analizar la tasa natal, la edad de matrimonio, la legitimidad o ilegitimidad de los nacimientos, la precocidad y frecuencia de las relaciones sexuales, cómo hacer fértiles o estériles a sus participantes, los efectos de una pareja no casada, el impacto de medidas anticonceptivas. Todos fueron “secretos” que los demógrafos en su momento, en la llegada de la revolución industrial, sabían que se relacionaban con el campo, con sus habitantes. Por supuesto sabían que para que un país triunfara y fuera rico debía estar poblado, pero además sabían que el futuro y el destino de una sociedad iban a estar íntimamente ligados al uso que cada individuo hiciera del sexo. El casado, el soltero, el libertino, etc. se transformaron en objetos de análisis: la conducta sexual se puso bajo el microscopio y la población fue no solo un objeto de estudio sino también de intervención.</p>
<p>En la obra de González, el cuerpo funciona como elemento de martirio y provocación, y al mismo tiempo, de espectáculo. El artista hace de su cuerpo un escenario. El drama de este show también se encuentra en ese corazón desproporcionado, enorme, tan vibrante como la sangre. En “Andrés González como San Sebastián”, la última de las obras de esta serie, el artista se “abre” ante nosotros, se revela a través de ese símbolo que remite al amor, a la tragedia, a la pasión. Pero al mismo tiempo, lo violenta al mostrárnoslo como si fuera un corazón de verdad, el órgano de un ser humano, y no el signo plano y sin vida que podemos encontrar en cualquier naipe francés.</p>
<p>El artista presenta una forma de entender la corporalidad como frágil, voluble, doliente, pero también bella y posible de ser (des)armada y (re)construida en su propio dolor y naturaleza. Esta concepción del cuerpo se inscribe en toda una “historia política” que recae en la corporalidad y en una discusión sobre identidad(es) que viene dándose desde hace décadas:</p>
<blockquote><p>Las identidades raciales, de género, sexuales, etc. […] pueden ser pensadas como construcciones culturales o ‘significantes’ cuyos significados y cuya configuración va transformándose históricamente al ritmo de redefiniciones en torno a la legitimidad simbólica y cultural de distintos grupos sociales (Giorgi 68).</p></blockquote>
<p>El cuerpo tiene la capacidad de servir como arma política de acuerdo a los significados que determinadas prácticas discursivas le otorguen. González remite a una búsqueda incesante de una identidad maltrecha que aflora en el cuerpo y que atrae por su belleza y exige que el espectador reflexione al respecto.</p>
<p>En esta serie, Andrés González utiliza la fotografía digital y el fotomontaje. También el collage y el plotter de corte de vinilo, el cual se puede distinguir en el rojo brillante de la sangre y el corazón. Hay una variedad de técnicas que se encuentran de una forma abrupta, efusiva, que se reúnen en un punto específico del espacio (en el centro o en la parte central superior, en el caso de las “Ofrendas”). Encontramos flores, órganos, el cuerpo del artista, una imagen encima de la otra, superpuestas, agolpadas. Sin embargo, no hay nada de caótico en este frenesí. Hay una armonía que estiliza esta locura y la dispone en este escenario que es el lienzo. González también provoca a través de la técnica.</p>
<p>En el último de los cuadros, “Andrés González como San Sebastián”, el artista se pone a sí mismo en lugar del santo. El personaje “histórico” (icónico) de San Sebastián se hace contemporáneo. Las representaciones clásicas de San Sebastián lo llevaron a ser la figura icónica que es hoy, justamente por combinar en su rostro el dolor y el placer<a title="" href="#_ftn9">[9]</a>. Aquí San Sebastián usa jeans, y se enfatiza este aspecto al resaltar su color azul. No está en blanco y negro como el resto del cuerpo. El personaje se comunica con el presente. No es un San Sebastián desnudo como bien se lo conoce, sino uno con ropa, que está desnudándose. ¿De qué modo se reinventa entonces la figura del santo al ponerle ropa, y no mostrarlo desnudo sino desvistiéndose, revelándose? No es un San Sebastián pasivamente puesto en un palo esperando ser asaeteado. Si la ropa cumple una función es la de reinventar a San Sebastián, de transformarlo en uno que decidirá cuándo quitarse la ropa. Se presenta un San Sebastián a cargo de su propia imaginería, de su propia “identidad”. Este santo moderno, tan herido como el que pintó Caravaggio o filmó Derek Jarman, es otra forma más de registrar un espectáculo del propio cuerpo, del propio yo, que sufre y se revela<a title="" href="#_ftn10">[10]</a>. No es solo un San Sebastián que siente dolor y placer, sino uno que anda por las calles que se corresponden con la urbanidad de sus jeans y que busca otros hombres con quien acostarse.</p>
<p>En la obra de González, es él quien que es atacado por las flechas, pero su rostro no carga una expresión de dolor, sino más bien de tristeza.</p>
<blockquote><p>Alarmado y consternado por la propia falla del lenguaje, la persona doliente puede encontrar tranquilizador saber que incluso el artista – cuya vida y rutina están dedicados a refinar y extender los reflejos del habla – ordinariamente se torna mudo ante el dolor (mi traducción)</p>
[Alarmed and dismayed by his or her own failure of language, the person in pain might find it reassuring to learn that even the artist – whose lifework and everyday habit are to refine and extend the reflexes of speech – ordinarily falls silent before pain (Scarry 10).]</blockquote>
<p>El dolor que experimenta el artista colapsa y se enmudece; se enmudece bajo un semblante de tristeza. Su cuerpo en blanco y negro  no refleja el dolor / placer de San Sebastián que lo llevó a ser ícono de la comunidad gay. González hace una lectura personal, en donde evidentemente se sacrifica. Hay un entorno que lo ataca, que le perfora el cuello en vez de darle un beso, que le atraviesa una pierna para no dejarlo caminar. Su respuesta, en vez de contratacar, es desnudarse, revelarse a través de un corazón tétrico y “glamouroso”. Aquí el cuerpo no es suficiente, tiene que buscar el símbolo, la convención, porque ha sido rebasado. Esta desesperación y drama, sin embargo, se embellecen.</p>
<div style="float: right;"><i><i><img style="float: right; margin-left: 20px; margin-right: 20px;" title="“Andrés González como San Sebastián”. 2009." alt="" src="http://postcolonialist.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Gonzales-4.jpg" width="300" height="490" /></i></i></p>
<p style="text-align: center;"><i>“Andrés González como San Sebastián”. 2009.</i></p>
</div>
<p>El cuerpo de San Sebastián se actualiza (los jeans) y se viste de luto (la campera negra y las flores que rodean la imagen). ¿Qué es lo que ha muerto? ¿Acaso la constitución de la propia identidad gay (de ahí el uso del propio cuerpo), que colinda con lo comunitario, lo social (de ahí el uso del ícono gay) es un proceso doloroso, violento y al mismo tiempo, hermoso, revelador y vital? La figura del santo cristiano es invertida, o más bien, subvertida: la imagen es desacralizada y se le da un nuevo sentido. González asume la dicha figura y presenta un acto religioso (la ofrenda) no tanto para cuestionar lo cristiano, sino más bien para observar su propio cuerpo e identidad como sacros y espirituales.</p>
<p>Las técnicas que utiliza el artista se encuentran, el cuerpo se superpone a otras imágenes (flores, flechas, corazones, órganos). Estas obras reúnen lo caótico que ha sido contenido y transformado. El lenguaje visual en estos cuadros ha colapsado, y se ha regenerado. La poética de Andrés González es la poética de un colapso que ha sido estilizado, “travestido”, dramatizado y puesto en escena para provocar, para mostrar que hay un yo que está perdido, que ha sido herido, que hace falta a(r)mar.</p>
<p>La búsqueda de la identidad es el objetivo principal, la inquietud incesante de estas obras. Intentan conmovernos, perturbarnos, para que entendamos que toda identidad está herida, que es parte de su naturaleza, el daño y la reconstrucción. En el caso de González, apunta también a (contra)atacar a una cultura opresiva.</p>
<blockquote><p>La identidad puede ser algo que es usado estratégicamente para perseguir objetivos sociales específicos. Como una praxis que responde a un poder estatal represivo y modernizante, estas formas estratégicas de intervención merecen ser validadas por los logros sociales que han producido (mi traducción)</p>
[Identity may be something that is used strategically in order to pursue specific social aims. As a praxis that responds to a repressively modernizing state power, these strategic forms of intervention deserve to be validated for the social gains they have produced (Quiroga 17).]</blockquote>
<p>La identidad herida de Andrés González no se queda en una representación plana de un cuerpo lastimado, sino que al espectaculizar su propio martirio, se genera un (contra)ataque. Y el modo en que se ejecuta es utilizando los propios “íconos” que la sociedad capitalista le proporciona. De ahí la elección, por ejemplo, de San Sebastián. El artista afirma:</p>
<blockquote>[…] el trabajo con el imaginario gay en mi obra, desde una postura camp que confluye con recursos paródicos y grotescos, buscará generar […] un efecto deconstructivo, alineándose junto a los objetivos del <i>arte queer</i>, con la intención de combatir las representaciones preestablecidas de las identidades de género (González 103).</p></blockquote>
<p>Esta serie de obras de Andrés González plantean entonces una serie de cuestionamientos en donde el propio cuerpo se convierte en el arma y la herramienta de ataque. En primer lugar, hay una utilización del cuerpo y una reinvención del “culto” al propio cuerpo que la cultura capitalista ha sabido explotar. Dicha utilización está al servicio de un contraataque a un sistema opresor y determinante en cuanto a identidades, sexualidades y diversidad en general. Según la obra de González, si hay un cuerpo que debe atacar debe ser el suyo (el mío, el nuestro). En segundo lugar, se evidencia un registro de un cuerpo mutilado que es al mismo tiempo espectáculo. La estilización y “performance” que se encuentra en todas las imágenes pretenden provocar e incitar una pregunta: si el maltratado aquí es mi propio cuerpo, ¿no puede sucederle al tuyo también? En tercer lugar, la obra de González refiere a la figura icónica de San Sebastián y lo moderniza. Al vestirlo le otorga “agencia”, transforma la imaginería del santo y la asume desde otra perspectiva: el yo-gay de ahora es capaz de revelarse, de desnudarse. Y por último, la obra de González parecería responder a una “poética del colapso”, en donde tanto técnica como conceptualmente todo parece agolparse, pegarse, encimarse, pero al mismo tiempo: organizarse y “travestirse” como algo bello. Si hay violencia aquí, es violencia estilizada.</p>
<p>La identidad, su construcción y deconstrucción, son las tangentes que atraviesan estas obras y que pretenden generar en los espectadores una sensación de incomodidad. ¿Hasta qué punto es la identidad algo que no se hiere, que no se arma sobre heridas, que no vuelve constantemente a ellas? Estas obras parecen preguntar: ¿cuál es papel que debemos otorgarle al cuerpo como entidad avasallante y transformadora, arma eficaz para contrarrestar los moldes invisibles de una sociedad opresora?</p>
<p>Ya Ovidio también sembró una inquietud. Dijo que las ninfas no encontraron el cuerpo de Narciso. Aterradas, quizás tristes, lamentándose por haberse perdido semejante cuerpo, tan perfecto, tan atractivo, encontraron otra cosa: una flor, “a la que hojas blancas ceñían en su mitad”. Ovidio dejó bien en claro que ya no había cuerpo, pero sí flor. Aferrada en el suelo, debió esperar a que alguien se atreviera a recogerla. Y ése quizás sea nuestro trabajo.</p>
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<p>The post <a rel="nofollow" href="http://postcolonialist.com/arts/poetica-de-un-yo-mutiladoidentidad-y-cuerpo-en-la-serie-ofrendas-de-andres-gonzalez/">Poética de un yo mutilado: Identidad y cuerpo en la serie “Ofrendas” de Andrés González.</a> appeared first on <a rel="nofollow" href="http://postcolonialist.com">The Postcolonialist</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
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